The EU Accession Path for Ukraine and Moldova: Anticipated Reforms on Migration, Asylum and Border Management

This analytical report explores the challenges Ukraine and Moldova face in aligning their migration, asylum, and border management policies with EU standards as part of their accession process. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022, both countries received EU candidate status, sparking a renewed focus on the enlargement process. Ukraine’s unique position as a country in active conflict and Moldova’s geopolitical vulnerabilities amplify the complexity of their accession.

The EU accession process is structured around 35 acquis chapters, with Chapter 24 – Justice, Freedom and Security – playing a pivotal role. This Chapter encompasses policies on migration, asylum, and border management, demanding legislative alignment, institutional reforms, and capacity building. Both countries must implement the EU laws, address demographic crises, and invest in technological and operational upgrades to manage borders effectively.

Ukraine faces immense challenges due to war, displacement, and emigration. With millions of citizens abroad and internally displaced, its labour market struggles to meet demands in key sectors. Legislative reforms have largely aligned with EU standards, but practical implementation lags, particularly in asylum and refugee integration as well as border management.

Moldova, grappling with demographic decline and emigration, has made progress in modernising institutions and aligning policies. However, resource constraints, inadequate infrastructure, and reliance on international aid hinder long-term sustainability. The country also must enhance border management and improve asylum procedures.

The report concludes by emphasising the need for sustained reforms, financial investment, and public support to navigate the accession process.